REM sleep reducing effects were also reported using experimentally applied endotoxin to stimulate the immune system ( Pollmacher et al., 1993 Mullington et al., 2000). In a single subject with very high fever (40.5☌ at the beginning of the night to 39.2☌ in the morning) frequent awakenings and no REM sleep were recorded during the 7 h of sleep ( Maron et al., 1964). Higher temperatures of about 39☌ during sleep (experimentally induced via pyrogens) significantly increased wake time and reduced slow wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep ( Karacan et al., 1968). An actigraphy study ( Smith, 2012b), however, monitoring 15 participants suffering from a common cold, found only small or no significant sleep disturbances only those persons who reported nasal obstruction as a major symptom had reduced sleep efficiency. (2000) found reduced sleep efficiency in those participants who developed moderate symptoms of a common cold (7 out of 21 participants) in response to an experimentally introduced rhinovirus. In addition to symptoms such as headache, malaise, lack of appetite, and other sickness-related disorders ( Ogoina, 2011) sleep might be disturbed ( Powers et al., 2015). Typical symptoms are runny or dripping nose, sore throat, trouble with breathing, weakness, feeling hot and/or feeling cold, sweating, and chills ( Ames et al., 2013). Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds the normal daily variation and is based on an increased hypothalamic set point ( Dinarello and Porat, 2015).
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